Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Investigation of Water Pollution in the Baghlan River Caused by Dust and Wastewater from the Ghori Cement Factory: A Case Study

2024-05-20T03:56:52+00:00

Rivers are one of the most crucial fluid ecosystems, primarily due to their freshwater content. Understanding the trends in water quality changes in seas enables the anticipation of future challenges and the implementation of plans to address them. Water quality management necessitates the collection and analysis of a vast amount of data and water quality parameters. To facilitate this, various tools have been developed for simpler assessment of data and water quality, among which water quality indices are highly utilized. The objective of this study is to assess the water quality of the Balkh Sea using the (IRWQISC) and (IRWQIST) indices, alongside examining the levels of heavy metals, cations, anions, and its physical characteristics. Sampling was conducted at two time points: initially in October 2022, with heavy metal analysis performed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), and subsequently in April 2023, where samples were collected from various points, and the concentrations of cations, anions, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 26, and ArcGIS 10.4.1 was employed for map production. The research findings indicate a trend of heavy metal changes as follows: Al>As>Pb>Cd>(Cr=Co=Ni)>Hg. Based on the calculation of the toxicity index (IRWQIST), the studied water falls into the poor category. Consequently, sea water, due to the presence of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury, is relatively to very toxic and unsuitable for drinking. Additionally, it may cause detrimental effects for other uses such as agriculture and livestock farming.

Nutrient Composition of Detoxified Oil Cake from Simarouba glauca

2024-05-17T17:10:23+00:00

The nutritional composition of Simarouba glauca oil cake was evaluated after applying various detoxification treatments, revealing notable effects on moisture, ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents. Methanol treatments led to an increase in moisture content, while fermentation resulted in elevated levels of ash and crude fiber. Conversely, acetic acid treatment led to increased carbohydrate content compared to the control. Overall, these findings indicate that the nutritional status of Simarouba oil cake is minimally affected by detoxification treatments.

Vermicompost: Significance and Benefits for Agriculture

2024-05-17T17:05:28+00:00

Vermicomposting is defined as the process of biodegradation and stabilization of organic materials, facilitated by the collaborative efforts of earthworms and mesophilic microorganisms. The activity of earthworms in vermicomposting results in the production of nutrient-rich vermicompost. This organic amendment is abundant in macro and micronutrients, vitamins, growth hormones, as well as enzymes like proteases, amylases, lipase, cellulase, and chitinase. Additionally, vermicompost harbors a diverse community of immobilized microflora. Even after being excreted by the worms, the enzymes in vermicompost persist in their ability to decompose organic matter, facilitating continued breakdown and nutrient release. The utilization of vermicompost in agricultural production brings forth a multitude of beneficial effects. These include decreased water requirements for irrigation, reduced susceptibility to pest and termite attacks, suppression of weed growth, and enhanced seed germination rates, accelerated growth and development of seedlings, as well as increased yield of fruits per plant in vegetable crops and a higher number of seeds per year in cereal crops. These advantages highlight the positive impact of incorporating vermicompost into agricultural practices, fostering sustainable and productive farming systems. The combination of earthworms and vermicompost presents a valuable opportunity to enhance horticultural production in a sustainable manner, reducing reliance on agrochemical inputs. Despite the numerous benefits associated with vermicompost, its widespread implementation and adoption are still relatively limited. This review aims to raise awareness and promote the understanding of this valuable local soil amendment.

Investigation the Level of Groundwater Pollution with Heavy Metals in Mazar-e-Sharif City

2024-05-17T16:59:29+00:00

The majority of drinking and consumable water sources for the residents of Mazar-e-Sharif city are supplied from underground water. Climate variations, depletion of underground water, pollution resulting from human activities, agriculture, industrial processes, and urban development have significantly impacted the quality of underground water in this region. In this research, the quality of groundwater in terms of contamination with heavy metals such as manganese, copper, aluminum, iron, cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic was investigated. Twenty-four random well samples were collected based on international sampling standards, and temperature and pH parameters were measured on-site. The concentration of heavy metals was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data analysis was performed using Excel and SPSS software, and GIS software was utilized for mapping the sampled points. Laboratory results indicated that the lead concentration in wells W6, W11, W20, and W22 was 0.014, 0.013, 0.02, and 0.012 milligrams per liter, respectively. The aluminum concentration in wells W5, W16, and W17 was 0.6, 0.5, and 0.4 milligrams per liter, respectively, and the cadmium concentration in well W3 was 0.005 milligrams per liter. The concentrations in these wells exceeded the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the remaining wells, the concentrations of heavy metals were below the WHO limits. Descriptive statistics results showed that copper had the highest average concentration, and arsenic had the lowest concentration. Since underground water is the sole source of drinking and consumable water for the city's residents, it is recommended to conduct a systematic study of heavy metal concentrations in groundwater sources to reduce the adverse effects of contaminated water in certain wells.

Isolation and Diagnosis of the Myxozoa Parasitizing in some Fish Species in Tigris River at Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq

2024-05-12T15:35:19+00:00

The currently study was achieved from February 2021 to end January 2022 to investigate the external and intestinal parasites in some fish species of Tigris river passing Tikrit city. During the period of this study, 580 fish were collected that belonged to seven families and 16 species. These fish are represented 45 Acanthobrama marmid, 40 Alburnus sellal, 30 Arabibarbus grypus, 65 Carasobarbus luteus, 55 Chondrostoma regium, 60 Cyprinion kais, 60 Cyprinius carpio, 50 Leuciscus vorax, 21 Luciobarbus xanthopterus, 14 Squalius Lepidus, 13 Mystus pelusius, 10 Silurus triostegus, 10 Heterropneutes fossilis, 12 Mastacembelus mastacemblus, 30 Coptodon zilli and 65 Planiliza abu.

This study diagnosis 12 species of Myxoblus: M. bouixi, M. bramae, M. branchiophilus, M. cyprinicola, M. dispar, M. ellipsoides, M. infundibulatus, M. koi, M. magnus, M. molnari, M. musculi, and M. shaerica.

Studying the Effect of Cholesterol and Activin a Hormone on Inducing Abortion in Pregnant Women

2024-05-12T15:32:05+00:00

The current study aimed to show the relationship between the levels of (activin-A hormone) and the concentration of lipids cholesterol) and the occurrence of some cases of Abortion and threatened pregnancy The study included 150 blood samples taken from aborted women and women with a threatened pregnancy, which is diagnosed by ultrasound scan and other methods such as clinical examinations and the history of the pregnant woman. Their ages ranged between (16-45) who visited Tikrit Teaching Hospital and private outpatient clinics. It was divided into three groups: The first included 50 blood samples from aborted women, 20 blood samples from women with a threatened pregnancy, and 20 blood samples from women with normal pregnancies as a control group. Blood samples were taken during the first trimester of pregnancy. The results of this study showed a significant increase in the concentration of (activin-A hormone) at a significant level (P ≤ 0.05) in the aborted women group .And women threatened with abortion compared with the control group, as well as a significant increase in the level of lipids (cholesterol) at a significant level (P ≤ 0.05)in the abortion group and the group of women threatened with abortion compared with the control group.

Biomarker Evaluation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected Patients

2024-05-12T15:27:23+00:00

Back ground: This study used Toxoplasma IgG/IgM Antibody Rapid test to detect Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and evaluate their lipid profile compared to a healthy control group.

The aim of the study: Serodiagnosis of parasite infection in aborted pregnant women using the rapid detection method. Evaluating the level of some immunological parameters in infected women such as IL17-A, TNA-, lactoferrin, shedding light on the lipid profile of parasite-infected women.

Patients and Methods: blood samples 240 were collected from aborted pregnant women attending some governmental hospitals and private medical clinics in some areas of Salah al-Din Governorate during the period from 1/7/2022 to 1/2/2023 and the required information was recorded according to a special questionnaire form.

The results: were analyzed statistically using the IBM SPSS Statistics (version 23) program, according to the t-test, at a significant level of p≤0.05. The results of Rapid Test (93 positive samples) 38.7% (divided into 80) 86.02% (positive samples for IgG, while 13 sample) 13.97% (positive for IgM and 147 negative samples) 61.25%. (There is a positive correlation between (LTF, IL-17A, TNF-a) (highly significant). The lipid profile analysis revealed a non-significant increase for each of cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in infected women, as Mean ± S.E concentration was (168.4±8.2 Pg/ml); (33±1.5pg/ml) respectively, compared to the control group, where the Mean ± S.E concentration was (141.6±15.5 Pg/ml); (28±3.09Pg/ml) respectively. While there was a non-significant decrease in each of LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides in pateints group, as Mean ± S.E concentration was (80.6±3.7pg/ml); (45.4±1.07 pg/ml); (159.7±4 pg/ml), respectively, compared to the control group, where the average concentration was (84.3±5.3pg/ml); (48.6±2pg/ml) 161.3±6.7pg/ml) respectively.

Investigating of Protozoa Parasites in Some Fish Species in Tigris River-Salah Al-Din Governorate

2024-05-12T15:22:00+00:00

The currently study was achieved from February 2021 to end January 2022 in order to investigate the external and intestinal parasites in some fish species of Tigris River passing Tikrit city. During the period of this study, 580 fish were collected that belonged to 8 species including Acanthobrama marmid, Alburnus sellal, Chondrostoma regium, Cyprinion kais, Cyprinius carpio, Leuciscus vorax, Mystus pelusius, and Planiliza abu. Also, it involves 6 species of protozoa as following: Eimeria sinensis, Apiosoma megamicronucleate, Chilodonella cyprinid, Trichodina domerguei, Trichodina elegini and Trichodina heterodentata.

Planning a Sewage Treatment System for Smart Housing Societies: A Review

2024-05-10T16:48:24+00:00

Smart housing societies are increasingly incorporating sustainable practices, including on-site sewage treatment. This paper reviews key considerations for planning a sewage treatment system in such communities. Factors like resident population, water usage patterns, and available space are analyzed. Different treatment technologies, including activated sludge, constructed wetlands, and membrane bioreactors, are evaluated for their suitability in smart housing contexts. The integration of smart monitoring and control systems for optimizing treatment processes and water reuse is discussed. Finally, the importance of adhering to local regulations and involving residents in the planning process is highlighted.

The Economical and Geographical Importance of Lapis Route

2024-05-08T08:31:45+00:00

This research explores the intricate web of the Lapis Route, an ancient trade route that formerly linked Afghanistan with the Mediterranean Sea. This study examines the geographical and historical relevance of this ancient road using a qualitative research approach, building on insights from numerous books, journals, and other sources. It focuses on the valuable lapis lazuli gemstone that contributed to the route's notoriety. The research delves into the various segments of the Lapis Route and its convergence with the Silk Road, unveiling the complex web of commerce that thrived amongst various societies. It reveals the significance of the Silk Road historically and emphasizes how it shaped both economic development and cross-cultural exchange. In addition, the study looks into the economic importance of silk, a highly prized item that traveled the Silk Road and supported the region's economy. The study concludes by examining the historical, cultural, and economic significance of the Silk Road and the Lapis Route in Afghanistan.

The report addresses the opportunities and problems related to transit and commercial development, emphasizing the possible advantages of reviving the Silk Road. It highlights the possibilities that the revival of this historic trade route holds for fostering regional collaboration and economic progress. This study provides important insights into the historical, geographical, and economic relevance of the Silk Road and the Lapis Route by analyzing them. It draws attention to the routes' lasting impact and their potential to support Afghanistan's and the region's future economic growth.

The Natural State of Gardez City

2024-05-08T07:55:17+00:00

The present research has been investigated in relation to (the natural state of Gardez city, the center of Paktia province), which was used in the form of quantitative and qualitative research in the year 2021 in the Department of Geography. The city of Gardez is one of the highest centers of the provinces of Afghanistan, whose average height is 2,350 meters, after the center of Bamyan province, whose height is 2,550 above sea level. Therefore, Gardez is the second highest among all the centers in the provinces of Afghanistan. The existence of heights, low points and mountains around Gardez, such as Sulaiman Ghar and Spin Ghar Mountains, has affected the climate of this region. Gardez has an area of about (750) square kilometers. In terms of elevations and lowlands, Gardez can be divided into three parts: mountains, mountain slopes and low-altitude areas, and its famous mountains are Spin Ghar and Suleiman Ghar and other mountains around Gardez called. The local areas are mentioned; it consists of Spin Ghar and Suleiman Ghar Mountains, all these mountains contain 244, 3518 hectares of land in Gardez. Generally, in Gardez, the slopes of these mountains form grassland areas and the low areas are land. Agricultural areas, residential areas, urban areas and government facilities. The Gardez Sea continues its path from the northeast to the southwest of Gardez and has water in the winter and spring seasons, and at the end, after travelling 110 kilometers, the Gardez Sea passes through the Sardah Dam in Ghazni province and stands in the water. The seat falls.

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen on Growth, Yield and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum estivum L.) Cv. Koshan-02

2024-05-06T07:14:34+00:00

The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels (0, 50, 70, 90 & 110 kg N ha^-1) of Nitrogen (N) on growth, yield and yield related parameters of wheat (cv. Koshan-02) in Kabul agro-climate condition at the Agricultural Research Farm of Kabul University, during spring 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, each replication consisted of five treatments. Total treatments were (15). The size of each plot was (2mx3m=6m²). The result of our study revealed that the plots treated with highest level (110 kg N ha^-1) of N fertilizers produced the highest plant height (85.97cm). maximum number of grains spike^-1 (35.74), the highest dry matter (3.937t ha^-1), The highest number of tillers m^-2 (152.76 m^-2), 1000-grain weight (48.94g), grain yield (2891.1kg/ha) large spike length (10.52), number of grains spikelet^-1 (2.98), Spikelet number spike^-1 (11.54), followed by T₄, T₃ and T₂. It was concluded that all treatments have ranked regarding their efficient effects as ((T5 (110 kg N ha^-1> T4 (90 kg N ha^-1> T₃(70 kg N ha^-1> T₂(50 kg N ha^_1> T_Control) for all growth, yield and yield helping attributes such as plant height, number of grains spike^-1, dry matter (kg ha^-1), number of tillers plant^-1, 1000-grain weight(g), grain yield (kg ha^-1), spike length (cm), number of grains spikelet^-1, number of spikelet spike^-1, spike number m^-2and number of leaves plant^_1. So, for obtaining aimed and desirable yield the application of (110 kg N ha^-1) is recommended under research area conditions (Agro-Climatic Condition).

Descriptive Study of Chicken Pox in the Post Graduated Hospital Khost Afghanistan

2024-04-28T14:00:49+00:00

Chicken pox is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology, characterized by the appearance of characteristic blistering rash against the background of a general intoxication syndrome. ^{(13, 14)} The causative agent of chickenpox is the herpes virus type 3, transmitted from a patient by airborne droplets. Chickenpox is one of the most common childhood infections. It is manifested by characteristic abundant itchy blistering rashes that appear at the height of fever and general infectious manifestations.^{(15, 16)} A typical clinic allows you to diagnose the disease without conducting any additional research. Treatment of chickenpox is mainly symptomatic. To prevent secondary infection, antiseptic treatment of rash elements is recommended. Infants and Children are affects in all ages, but most severely infants, who experience the highest age-specific incidence and account for almost all Chickenpox hospitalizations and deaths. ^{(17, 18, 19)}

Research Goal: Case of Chickenpox in the Khost post graduated hospital from the 1399/06/01 to 1399/12/30.

Methodology: This is a descriptive study that was conducted in the form of a case series. This study was conducted on 43 patients affected by chicken pox.

Dust and Ice in the Interstellar Medium

2024-04-27T11:09:54+00:00

In this paper, we present an introduction to bare dust particles and grains covered by ice sheets in diffuse and dense interstellar clouds. It follows the life cycle of dust from its formation in stellar environments to its incorporation into the body of the Solar system. Dust particles play an important role in the physics and chemistry of many space environments. Regarding dust composition, two different populations are generally observed: silicate and carbonaceous dust. Energetic processing of ice layers with UV rays, X – rays or cosmic rays, after which the heat leads to the formation of complex organic molecules; some of them have prebiotic properties. Delivery of this organic fraction to the early Earth by meteorites and asteroids may have contributed to the origin of life.

Examining the Use of Lenses

2024-04-27T11:03:11+00:00

Lenses are an important topic of light physics. The inverse of the focal distance of any lens is called the convergence of that lens, if the unit of measurement of the focal distance is meters, then the unit of measurement of convergence is diopters. In terms of physics, the lens of the eye can be defined as a convex lens. Eyes that can see far but cannot see near, usually convex lenses are used to correct it. Various images in lenses and their use in optical instruments, including magnifiers, microscopes, binoculars, projectors, are used in a wide range of applications. In this article, such precious and valuable examples have been pointed out in a manner that encourages our mind and senses to continue it.

Eu3+ Doped CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles with XRD and FTIR Analysis

2024-04-24T17:36:25+00:00

Pure and Eu³⁺ doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with the formula CoEu_xFe_2-xO₄(x = 0.00,0.10) were synthesized by citrate gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction analysis validated both the phase formation and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the sample were meticulously recorded within the spectral range of 200-1000 cm^-1. This analysis provided insights into the formation of the spinel structure.

Effect of Enteric Fever on Hematological Cells Parameters

2024-04-23T07:59:45+00:00

Background: Salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid are the agents that cause Enteric fever (Typhoid fever). It is primarily a disease of developing countries because of poor sanitation standards.

Fever is a prominent and well-known feature of the illness that increases steadily to a maximum degree. The hematological criteria of an affected individual are changed by this infectious disease. To ascertain the different hematological cells parameters in our sample population, we conducted the investigation.

Patients and Methodology: The study, which involved 100 Afghans, was carried out at the Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital between June and November of 2022.

A case-control study design was used. Fifty individuals (Cases) who had a confirmed diagnosis of Enteric fever (Typhoid fever) based on typhoid (IgG and IgM) were included in the study. As a control group, fifty healthy individuals with negative typhoid (IgG and IgM) results and no other complaints were included in the study.

For both the case and control groups, a complete blood count was performed. Hemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell Count (WBC), and Platelet Count (PLT) are regarded as hematological markers. Every patient was also interviewed, and a questionnaire was employed. Numerous demographic factors were questioned, including sex, age, economic status, level of education, and clinical symptoms. SPSS version 16 was then used to analyze the collected data.

Results. In the current research, over all 100 patients were enrolled (50 were case, and 50 were control group). The mean age± SD of the patients under the study were 38.74±15.22 years. The most common hematological changes observed were; anemia (32%), thrombocytopenia (24%), leukocytosis (8%) & leucopenia (22%). Fever was the most common presenting symptom (78%) and abdominal symptoms were about 38%. Most of the people were of lower socioeconomic state and were uneducated.

Conclusion: This study shows that Enteric fever is bacterial infection and are acquired by enteral route. This disease commonly affects people of low socioeconomical states and those that are uneducated. Fever was the most commonly presenting symptom in these patients. Enteric fever causes changes in the hematological cells parameters which is probably due to bone marrow suppression, which is transient and shows response to therapy.

New Insights on N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Under Combinatorial Molecular Docking and MD Simulation Studies Using Natural Bioactive Compounds Against Neurodegenerative Diseases

2024-04-22T17:48:32+00:00

Neurodegenerative diseases pose a significant challenge, and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is reported to play a critical role in the central nervous system and has emerged as a potential target for drug discovery. This study explored the potential scope of natural bioactive compounds as ligands for the NMDA receptor using current advances of docking studies with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. An extensive virtual screening of 500 natural compounds were executed based on wide scientific literature and bibliography search. Docking simulations identified promising candidates with favorable binding affinities, with the top compounds - DL-Alanosine, and Zeinoxanthin (PubChem CIDs 153353 and 5281234) exhibiting exceptionally high docking scores of -6.6 and -6.4, against NMDA respectively. Further, MD simulations suggested the stability of the top-scoring compounds in complex with the NMDA receptor. These findings will provide a new insights to researchers and scientists on proceeding with new alternatives on the investigation of natural bioactive compounds as therapeutic lead candidates for targeting various receptors like NMDA in neurodegenerative diseases. However, in vitro and in vivo studies are warranted to validate these results and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.

Effect of Precision Application of Nutrients on, Growth, Yield, Quality and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cv. Pearson

2024-04-16T11:42:09+00:00

The investigation was conducted to study the Effect of precision application of nutrients on yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency in tomato (cv. Pearson). The experiment was carried out at Bolan Research Farm, Helmand, Afghanistan during the year 2021. The experiment was laid out in (RCBD) designed having three replications, each replication consisted of 10 treatments. The treatments comprised of T₁: Fertilizers Urea + DAP + MOP (140:60:60 kg/ha), T₂: Fertilizers Urea + DAP + MOP (70:30:30 kg/ha), T₃: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 70:30:30), T₄: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 70:30:30), T₅: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 55:24:24), T₆: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 55:24:24), T₇: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 42:18:18), T₈: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 42:18:18), T_9: RDF Urea + DAP + MOP (137.5:62.5:60) and T₁₀: Control (No fertilizer). The result confirmed that integrated application of nutrient significantly affected all growth, yield and yield traits of tomato hence, the tallest plant (133.33cm), maximum No. of branches plant^-1 (31.67), No. of fruit plant^{-1 (}67.33), large polar diameter (8.33cm), large equatorial diameter (8.33cm), average yield plant^-1₍6.13 kg), total yield (344.00 q/ha), total soluble content (4.61 %), dry matter content (5.02%) were recorded in the plots were treated with T₈ (Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP) (70:30:30 + 42:18:18) except the fruits weight(g) and average fruit weight (g) as compared to other treated plots,. Generally, all fertilized plots showed positive & better performance as compared to control plots (no treated plots). We concluded from the result that all treatments regarding their efficient effect and economical use were ranked as (T₈> T₉> T₇> T₆> T₅> T₄> T₃> T₂> T₁> T_Control) for all growth, yield and yield characters of tomato (cv. Pearson) in research area.

Synergism Activity of Pyoluteorin with Some Antibiotic Against Urinary Tract Infections Pathogens

2024-04-17T16:47:32+00:00

On some pathogenic bacteria isolated from the urinary tract, the antibacterial activity of pyroluteorin in combination with other antibiotics was studied. Pyoluteorin was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from rhizospheric soil in Baghdad City. Fifty isolates belongs to Urinary Tract Infection were isolated, and the diagnosis was made using cultivars and biochemical tests, and confirmed using Viteck 2 system. Ten isolates each of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, six of Proteus mirabilis, four of Acinetobacter baumannii, three of Serratia marcescens, and four of Enterobacter cloacae were among the bacterial isolates, gram-positive bacteria including Streptococcus agalactiae (3 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (6 isolates) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2 isolates). All isolates were tested for susceptibility test against 10 different antibiotics (Nalidixic acid, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Trimethoprin, Ampicillin, salbactam, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and Amikacin). The outcomes indicated that 91% and 82% of resistance were reported for nalidixic acid and tetracycline, respectively, whereas 9% of resistance was found for amikacin.

Analyzing the Time Evolution of a Particle by Decomposes the Initial State Confinement in 1D Well into the Lowest Eigenstates Energy

2024-04-13T05:00:38+00:00

In this work, we obtained the time evolution of the wave function of a limited quantum system (1D Box), hence getting a mathematical model to describe the system. By using programming computes, it performs a time evolution that decomposes the initial state into the 2,10, and 20 lowest energy eigenstates. Finally, by comparing numerical de-composition coefficients for the wave function to the analytical values, it found the number of knots increases directly versus the energy of the particle's quantum state. As a result, the mean bending given by the second derivative which is proportional to the kinetic energy operator should increase. We found there is a negligible mean and standard deviation of the energy in units of the ground state energy.

Role of Herbal Active Compound in Cardiac Failure Treatment

2024-04-13T04:25:04+00:00

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is constantly rising, making them a major health burden. In terms of global mortality and morbidity, they are still at the top. An alternate method of treating many illnesses, including CVDs, is the use of medicinal herbs. There is a current, unprecedented push to include herbal remedies into contemporary healthcare systems. The widespread conviction in their safety and the fact that they offer more effective treatment at a lower cost than conventional modern medicines are two of the main factors propelling this movement. However, there has not been enough testing of the purported safety of herbal remedies. As a result, people need to know that medical herbs can be toxic, have possibly fatal side effects, and can interact negatively with other drugs. Experimental evidence suggests that medicinal herbs may be useful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to their ability to inhibit multiple risk factors for these conditions. So, in order to successfully use herbs in CVD therapy, there have been numerous initiatives to transition medicinal herb research from the lab to the clinic. Presented below are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and the variables that put people at risk for developing them. Next, we provide a synopsis of herbal medicine's role in the treatment of disease, with a focus on cardiovascular diseases. In addition, information is compiled and examined about the ethnopharmacological therapeutic possibilities and medicinal qualities against cardiovascular diseases of four commonly used plants: ginseng, gingko biloba, ganoderma lucidum, and gymnostemma pentaphyllum. The use of these four plants in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular disorders, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been well examined. We are also making an effort to describe the current in vitro and in vivo investigations that have attempted to examine the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the four plants' cardio-protective effects. Lastly, we highlighted the effectiveness, safety, and toxicity of these four medicinal herbs by reviewing and reporting the results of current clinical trials.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Review of Virulence Factors in Candida

2024-04-13T04:18:11+00:00

Candida albicans is a prevalent commensal fungus that inhabits various anatomical regions, including the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, as well as the skin of persons in good condition. C. albicans is present in the normal flora of the microbiota in around 50% of the population. The clinical presentations of Candida species encompass a spectrum of symptoms, spanning from localized. The spectrum of mucocutaneous issues ranges from superficial to invasive disorders that impact many organ systems and present a substantial threat to human life. Disruptions in the normal homeostasis of Candida can be attributed to a range of reasons, encompassing systemic and local factors as well as genetic and environmental influences.

These disruptions ultimately lead to a shift from a state of normal flora to the development of Infections caused by pathogens and opportunistic agents. The initiation and advancement of infection are regulated by the virulence characteristics of Candida, which play a role in the emergence of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis presents with a wide range of symptoms, which can be classified into major and minor types. The gastrointestinal tract is the main reservoir for Candida albicans in the human body. Infection occurs due to an imbalance in the local microbiota, impaired immune function, and damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier. Candidaemia, a term used to describe invasive infections caused by candida, is associated with the presence of Candida albicans in the bloodstream. The mutual relationship remains intact by maintaining a balance between the host immune system and C. albicans virulence factors. This study investigates the virulence traits exhibited by Candida albicans. These components have a significant impact on the development of disorders.

Analyzing the Relationship Between COVID-19 Susceptibility and Blood Group Variations: A Comprehensive Investigation into the Impact of ABO Blood Types on the Incidence, Severity, and Clinical Outcomes of the Disease

2024-04-13T04:13:28+00:00

Background: The covid-19 pandemic, originating from a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), is of concern to the global health arena as no crisis comparable to this has happened in the past. The investigation of not only the genetic components which may predispose for such a disease but also determine the severity of the illness has turned into a pressing research issue in modern days. Although it is desirable for the formulation of effective community health policy which provide tailor-made solutions concerning treatments, it is important that people have a clear understanding of the role played by blood type differences in this regard.

Methodology: The research was done at Baghdad Medical City Hospital during the period of June and August of 2021 using the patients with verified COVID-19 cases as their base. The data contained not only demographic information but also a blood type, disorder severity level, as well as the details were about the procedure. Various statistics organizations, include but not limited to the Pearson correlation, Chi-square and data visualization were applied using SPSS to establish the association between different blood types and the aftermath of COVID-19 infections. Results: The study demonstrated that among the many characteristics of COVID-19, blood types tested out to be assciating with a statistically significant number of them. Noteworthy is the significant negative association that connects blood types with the severity of the disease, and this factor also determines the period for recovery. It became clear that the recovery duration and the treatment response didn’t depend on age when the results were adjusted for any statistically insignificant variations that could be attributed to age. This evidences us that it is likely that the age factor is not considered as a premier factor in the progress of the COVID-19 in the analyzed patients. when goes to a green process, the human error disappears.

Conclusion: Obtained results of patients with diversified ABO blood types allowed us the data that confirmed disease incidence and severity can be modified during COVID-19. Given this fact, the doctors in the health care institutions and in the government agencies responsible for public health should gain this information. Also, the organizations need this information to develop a disease prevention and control policy. In a wider plan of the research and response strategy to the pandemic, COVID-19, the results reveal that on the genetic side the blood type must be borne in mind, amongst other hereditary features.

Climate Change Resilience Strategies for Sustainable Development: Integrating Weather Forecasts and Adaptation Measures

2024-04-09T15:53:05+00:00

Amidst the ever-pressing challenges of climate change, the pursuit of sustainable development necessitates innovative strategies to bolster resilience. This research delves into the crucial fusion of weather forecasting and adaptive measures as a pivotal approach in confronting the multifaceted impacts of climate variability. Through a nuanced examination of existing literature and empirical case studies, this paper elucidates the potential synergies between timely weather forecasts and adaptive resilience strategies. By amalgamating insights from diverse sectors including infrastructure, agriculture, ecosystems, and communities, it illuminates pathways toward sustainable development in the face of climatic uncertainties. Emphasizing the significance of accessible and accurate weather information, this study underscores the transformative power of integrating forecasts into adaptation planning frameworks. Furthermore, it navigates the complexities of implementation, shedding light on both the opportunities and challenges inherent in such integrative approaches. Ultimately, this research endeavors to provide actionable recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers, fostering a collective vision for a more resilient and sustainable future amidst the turbulent currents of climate change.

Optimization of Crop Establishment Methods and Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Economic Efficiency of Groundnut under Semi-Arid Region of Afghanistan

2024-04-09T15:42:42+00:00

An experiment was conducted at the farm of Afghanistan National Agricultural Science and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar Province, Afghanistan in cropping season of 2020 to investigate the Optimization of Crop Establishment methods and Phosphorus Fertilizer levels on Growth and Economic Efficiency of Groundnut under Semi-arid region of Afghanistan. The experimentation was conducted in split-plot design with 15 treatment combinations and replicated thrice. main-plot consisted of crop establishment methods, viz. ridge and furrow (RF), broad bed and furrow (BBF) and flatbed (FB), while the sub-plots comprised of phosphorus levels, viz. absolute control, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P₂O₅/ ha. The results of the investigation revealed that the growth parameters in terms of plant height in and leave area were highest in BBF, followed by FB and minimum was in RF. Adoption of BBF recorded significantly higher gross return (238928 AFN/ha), net return (202728 AFN/ha) and net benefit cost of ratio (5.2) were in Broad Bed and Furrow, followed in ridged and furrow and the minimum was in flat bed method. It can be concluded, cultivating of groundnut with Broad Bed and Furrow with application of 60 kg P₂O₅/ha was found beneficial for reaching higher productivity and profitability under semi-arid region of Afghanistan.

Distribution of ABO/Rhesus Blood Groups Among Hepatitis B and C Virus (HBV Ag, HCV Ab) Positive Patients in Anbar Providence, Iraq

2024-04-09T07:45:16+00:00

This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections among blood donors at Anbar Blood Bank in Iraq. The study also explored the correlation between ABO and Rh blood groups with Transfusion-Transmissible Infections (TTIs) and sociodemographic factors and cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 100 blood donors at Anbar Blood Bank from March 24, 2023, to June 21, 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed HBV and HCV-positive patients who provided consent, while exclusion criteria included individuals without HBV and HCV infections. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected, and tests for TTI markers (HBV, HCV) and ABO and Rh blood grouping were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and slide method, respectively. Sociodemographic data, TTI marker results, and ABO and Rh blood types were recorded for analysis. Descriptive analysis of sociodemographic data was performed, and a chi-square test was employed to assess the correlation between ABO and Rh blood groups with TTI markers and sociodemographic factors (Age, sex, and living area). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The results revealed a male predominance (71%), with the majority aged between 20-30 years (39%) and residing in rural areas (52%). The most common blood group was O+ (39%), while AB- was the least prevalent (0%). In terms of viral infections, 80% of participants were found to be infected with HBs Ag, and 20% with HCV Ab. Notably, blood group O+ exhibited the highest infection rates for both HBs (28%) and HCV (11%), while blood group A- demonstrated the lowest HBs infection rate (3%) and no HCV infection. The study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among blood donors in Anbar, Iraq. Additionally, correlations between ABO and Rh blood groups, TTI markers, and sociodemographic factors were explored. The findings contribute to the understanding of transfusion safety and may inform blood screening and donor selection protocols.

An Overview of the Electronic Structure of Monolayer Graphene

2024-04-09T07:33:13+00:00

Monolayer graphene is a nanostructured material that consists of layers of graphene, each layer of single-layer graphene consists of a layer of carbon atoms that are interconnected in a hexagonal lattice. The crystal structure of monolayer graphene is two dimensional and carbon atoms are inserted in a hexagonal lattice. The band structure of monolayer graphene includes two main bands that located at points K and K’ considered as quantum bands of electrons and holes. The electronic properties of monolayer graphene include the movement of electrons at very high speed and maintaining their spin. Also, monolayer graphene has unique optical properties and can be used as an optical switcher in electronic devices. Which from the basis of the contemporary technology of graphene and is progressing, therefor, research in this field is important and this research was carried out in a library method and its purpose is to investigate the electronic structure of single – layer graphene.

Investigating The Effect of Postharvest Application of Putrescine and Spermidine on Preserving Quantitative and Qualitative Properties of Grape Cv. Shahroudi

2024-04-09T07:16:32+00:00

Grape is one of the most important and ancient fruits in the world that have been used by humans. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of post-harvest application of putrescine and spermidine polyamines on maintaining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of ‘Shahroudi’ grapes during storage. Factorial experiment with two polyamine factors including two types of polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, each in 3 concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 mmol) and storage time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days) based on a completely randomized design in 2019. After treatment, the fruits were stored for 105 days at a temperature of 2 ° C and a relative humidity of 85-95% and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics were evaluated during storage. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on fruit firmness, weight loss, anthocyanin content, titratable acidity, vitamin C and total soluble solids at the level of 1% probability and on pH at the level of 5% probability, but on the percentage of fruit juice It had no significant effect. Also, the effect of storage time on all traits was significant at the 1% probability level. However, the interaction effects of treatment and storage time showed a significant effect on total phenol, acidity and Total soluble solids at 1% probability level and a significant effect on pH at 5% probability level. In conclusion, considering maintain different properties using putrescine and spermidine during storage and delaying in senescence and increasing storage life of fruits of ‘Shahroudi’ grape, polyamines application as a postharvest treatment recommended.

Susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. to the Plant Crude Extract

2024-04-07T14:14:18+00:00

The study aimed to investigate whether the extract from the Thuja orientalis plant had any antibacterial properties against fifteen MRSA isolates in a group of thirty-seven Staphylococcus aureus isolates. To determine bacterial resistance, an antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted on five different drugs. Methicillin showed the highest level of bacterial resistance (100%), whereas Vancomycin had the lowest level of resistance (6.6%). The results of the examination of the Thuja orientalis plant extract clearly showed that it had a significant suppressive effect on all Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

Evidence Based Case Report on Homoeopathic Treatment of Pityriasis Versicolor

2024-04-04T05:49:23+00:00

Pityriasis Versicolor is a common fungal skin infection^[1]. It’s sometimes also called as Tinea versicolor. Pityriasis versicolor causes patches of skin to change colour. The patches usually occur on the chest, upper back, upper arms, neck or tummy. The patches are flat and round and can join up to form large areas. They may look scaly and can sometimes be itchy^[2]. It is a case report on pityriasis versicolor. On first visit, the patient was having white coloured spots on neck and upper chest area. Symptomatology was erected after taking the case properly and repertorization was done by synthesis repertory. The medicine was prescribed in centesimal potency and patient was better with in 3 months.

Histopathological Alterations Caused by Insecticides (Chlorpyrifos) in Carp Fishes in Khost, Afghanistan

2024-04-04T05:45:15+00:00

Histology is the study of tissues is an important sensitive term to find out the influence of chemical compounds on the organ that are targeted and be used to find the health and growth of fish in polluted ecosystem (Van Dye and Pieterse, 2008). Histopathology is the study in which when water is polluted, the effect of this pollution is studied on the body and various tissues of the fish when these tissues come in contact with these chemicals. It not only give information about the function of the body but also inform us about the pollution of the water. It give us an idea about the side effects of human activities by disturbing the environment (Banaee, 2013). When these fishes are studied for parameters that changes observed indicate the toxic effect of these chemicals (Sudova et al, 2009).

Bacteriological Profile of Common Lab Contaminants Responsible for Spoilage in Biological Laboratory

2024-04-01T15:10:09+00:00

In biological laboratories, contamination can arise from various sources, including airborne particles, equipment, reagents, and human error. Common contaminants responsible for spoilage in biological laboratories include bacteria, fungi, virus etc. Bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment and can contaminate laboratory samples, cultures, and media. There is a possibility of transferring microorganisms from one laboratory to the other during the course of activities that involves moving of materials. In this present work we had been identify three bacterial species like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus Sp. which responsible for lab spoilage. Therefore measures like cleaning of lab, using protective gears, autoclaving of glassware needed to minimize lab contamination.

Variation of Chlorophyll Content Among the Different Tulsi Species Found in Nuapada District, Odisha

2024-04-01T15:06:33+00:00

The Tulsi plant, also known as Holy Basil, is a sacred herb in Hinduism and is revered for its medicinal properties as well. It belongs to the Lamiaceae (mint) family and is native to the Indian subcontinent. Tulsi is widely cultivated and is found in many Hindu households where it is worshipped daily. In this work there was an attempt to made to find out chlorophyll content of different Tulsi species found in Nuapada district, Odisha. In this work we were compare chlorophyll pigment of 4 different species of tulsi of Nuapda such as Ocimum tenuiflorum (black tulshi), Ocimum sanctum (green tulshi), Ocimum basilcum (dohna) and Ocimum gratissuma (van tulshi). Among them maximum total chlorophyll content found in Ocimum tenuifflorum And list in Ocimum sanctum. The chlorophyll a found maximum in Ocimum basilcum. And minimum in Ocimum gratissuma.The chlorophyll b found maximum in Ocimum basilcum and minimum in Ocimum tenuiflorum. The total chlorophyll found Ocimum gratissum and minimum in Ocimum sanctum. Such type of work provides us data regarding distribution of chlorophyll in different species of a genera.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Neem Seed Oil

2024-04-01T14:50:51+00:00

Neem is a potent blood purifier, detoxifier, and fever reducer according to Ayurvedic scriptures. Neem's astringent properties aid in the promotion of healing even further. Medicated neem oil is considered one of the best for treating skin conditions. Neem works well as an anti-inflammatory for discomfort in the muscles and joints. Diterpenesuginol, nimbiol (bark), triterpenes, beta-sitosterol, stigmastrol (leaf), Limonoids, Malliantriol (seed oil), Nimbendiol (seed oil), and azardiractin (seed) are among the groups of substances that have been isolated from the plant in good amounts. These compounds are sulphurous. In summary, this investigation unequivocally demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of neem oil against bacterial strains isolated from various environments. Today, more research on antimicrobials originating from plants is required. To identify the antibacterial chemicals found in these plants and to ascertain the full range of their activity, more investigation is required. Nonetheless, the current investigation into the in vitro antibacterial assessment of specific plants serves as a foundation for future phytochemical and pharmacological research aimed at finding novel antibacterial medications.

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Northeast Agro-Ecology of Afghanistan

2024-04-01T14:41:42+00:00

A field experiment Conducted at the farm of Kunduz University during cropping season of 2023 to evaluate Effects of Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in northeast of Afghanistan. The field experiment laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, the treatments were Nitrogen fertilizer levels viz. Control, 15 kg N/ha, 30 kg N/ha and 45 kg N/ha respectively, result of the study revealed the highest Plant Height (32.61cm), Branches/plant (10.05), Leave area index (5.20), Kernel/pod (2.23), Pod weight (24.46), Pods/plant (32.30), 100- seed weight (76.38gr), Pod yield (2.89t/ha), haulm yield (5.53t/ha) and Biological yield (8.42t/ha) were in treatment with application 45 kg N/ha, the minimum growth and yield parameters were in Control plots, it can be concluded nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 45 kg N/ha is optimum level for enhancing groundnut productivity and profitability in northeast of Afghanistan.

Weaknesses and Strengths of the Winkler Method in Designing Foundations

2024-04-01T14:36:12+00:00

The reaction between the foundation and the soil below it is one of the important issues in civil engineering, and this factor has a significant effect on the behavior of the structure. In this article, first, the basic principles of this method and the simplifications introduced in it are introduced, and then the concept of the most important input parameter of this model, the substrate reaction coefficient, determination relationships, and factors affecting it are discussed. The main goal of this article is to understand the concept of the Winkler method and the bed reaction coefficient so that engineers can choose this model with full knowledge of its weaknesses and strengths and the theories used in it. Also, by studying the factors affecting the bed reaction coefficient, it is possible to estimate More realistic values should be provided so that the results of this method are more correct and accurate.

Evaluations Using Clouds of Tiny Cosmic Dust Particles

2024-04-01T14:30:45+00:00

We talked about the existence of cosmic dust particles in this article, which are composed of different elements like carbon, oxygen, iron, and other atoms heavier than hydrogen and helium. Star formation depends on cosmic dust particles, which are the building blocks of planets and people. Dust that has fallen to Earth or exists in space is known as cosmic dust, sometimes known as extraterrestrial dust or space dust. The majority of particles of cosmic dust have sizes between a few molecules and 0.1 mm (100 µm). We refer to larger particles as meteorites. Cosmic dust is thought to be the remnants of asteroidal or cometary collisions that can be linked to collisions that took place during the Big Bang.

The Optimal LD50 Gamma Ray and Sodium Azide-Induced Mutagenesis in the PBNS-86 Variety Safflower

2024-04-01T14:29:13+00:00

Safflower has been grown for millennia all over the world, making it one of the most important and ancient oil-producing crops. In this work, we use gamma rays and sodium azide at LD₅₀levels to target high-yielding and desirable characters. The safflower variety PBNS-86 seeds were subjected to varying quantities of sodium azide (0.005%, 0.010%,0.015%,0.020% and 0.025%) and gamma-ray treatments at levels of 100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy, 400Gy and 500Gy. The carcinogenic administrations of sodium azide and gamma rays had a detrimental dose-dependent association with the plant survival percentage in the PBNS-86 variety. The anticipated LD₅₀ value was calculated using probit values and fatality percentages. For gamma rays and sodium azide, the LD50 value of PBNS-86 was set at 296.2 Gy and 0.1513%, respectively. The greatest reduction in the proportion of plants that survived was induced by gamma rays and sodium azide treatments. It is determined that both mutagens are capable of causing notable changes in safflower, which may be investigated further for the purpose of mutation mapping.

Hydrocortisone as Antiallergic Drug

2024-03-27T16:29:06+00:00

Glucocorticoids are widely used for the suppression of inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune diseases, all of which are associated with increased expression of inflammatory genes. The molecular mechanisms involved in this anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids is discussed, particularly in asthma, which accounts for the highest clinical use of these agents.

Glucocorticoids bind to glucocorticoid receptors in the cytoplasm which then dimerize and translocate to the nucleus, where they bind to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) on glucocorticoid-responsive genes, resulting in increased transcription. Glucocorticoids may increase the transcription of genes coding for anti-inflammatory proteins, including lipocortin-1, interleukin-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and neutral endopeptidase, but this is unlikely to account for all of the widespread anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids.^[3]

The most striking effect of glucocorticoids is to inhibit the expression of multiple inflammatory genes.^[3]

Comparative Anatomical Study of the Species Notobasis syriaca Cass and Silybum marianum L. (Asteraceae) in Salah-Aldin Governorate (Iraq)

2024-03-22T18:10:31+00:00

The species Notobasis syriaca Cass. and Silybum marianum L. among the most important endemic plants of the Asteraceae family in the Iraqi flora. The anatomy of the stem and leaves of both species was studied using a compound microscope, due to the similarity between the two species in many morphological characteristics and grow in the same environment. Therefore, this research work was conducted to find Anatomical differences of taxonomic value that help distinguish between the two species under study. Results concluded great importance for anatomical characteristics were achieved by studying stem cross section, leaf epidermis and leaf cross section for both species and compare the anatomical characteristics between the two species under study in a scientific manner.

Review on Nasal Drug Delivery System and Their Application

2024-03-19T16:13:36+00:00

Nasal drug delivery has received a great deal of attention as a convenient, reliable, and promising method for the systemic administration of drugs. It is especially for those molecules which are ineffective orally and only effective if administered by injection. The nasal route of drug delivery has advantages over the other alternative systems of non-invasive drug administration. The present review is an attempt to provide some information concerning nasal drug delivery system such as limitations, advantages, mechanism of drug absorption, anatomy of nasal cavity, factors affecting of nasal drug delivery, strategies to enhance nasal absorption, strategies to extend duration of drug formulations within the nasal cavity, leading to improved nasal drug absorption, novel drug formulations, sorts of nasal drug delivery system with uses of nasal drug delivery in various diseases, and recent advancement of nasal delivery systems.

Analysis of Physico-Chemical Factors of Ramganga River Water in Bareilly District

2024-03-18T10:13:45+00:00

The systematic study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Ramganga River in Bareilly district. The rivers are an essential water resource and used for several purposes. The water quality of all fresh water ecosystems is assessed by the physico-chemical. Water samples were collected from 3 sites along the river and analyzed using standard methods in laboratory. The physico-chemical characteristics were studied and analyzed for a period of 6 months from April 2022 to September 2022. Various physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature, PH, transparency, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, DO, FCO₂, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, chlorides, Calcium, Magnesium, Total hardness of lake were estimated throughout the year.

An Overview of Oil Recovery Techniques: From Primary to Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods

2024-03-17T09:16:32+00:00

As we all know, numerous methods have been invented for better managing of the reservoirs to recover the trapped oil from them as much as possible. These techniques included primary techniques that were implemented primarily at the beginning of this industry. As these techniques were not effective enough, secondary techniques, like; water flooding and gas injection methods were created and the amount of recovered oil were increased, as well. On the contrary, the demand for more oil was raised up and it was felt that much more effective techniques are necessary. It resulted to creation of Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques and these techniques are included; thermal methods (steam injection, steam assisted gravity drainage and in-situ combustion), Chemical methods (alkali flooding, surfactant flooding, polymer flooding, foam flooding, and combination of alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding), and microbial EOR. The most promising technique is microbial EOR because of being cost-effective and ecofriendly. GEMEOR (Genetically Engineered MEOR) and EEOR (Enzyme Enhanced Oil Recovery) are two new trends of MEOR that own potential hopes in petroleum industry.

NGS Technique for Palindromic Sequencing of DNA Through Effective PST-PCR

2024-03-17T09:13:24+00:00

DNA Sequencing technologies have been in use since 1970 and has diversified to much more effective transformations till the date. Initially due to certain drawbacks like cost, time period and requirement of toxic and radioactive elements for the compilation of the process, it remained unintroduced to research setting for complex data in earlier times. One of a technique named as the Sanger technique had more practical approach for sequencing the desired data of the fragments. But the need of DNA sequencing surged after the commencement of the Human Genome Project (HGP) which was a 13 year long collaboration to sequence human genome for understanding its applicable uses.¹

At the current stage, the progress moved towards Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to sequence the fragments of DNA for a better acknowledgement but somehow this did not reported for a fair outcome for palindromic DNA while sequencing. In this rugged sequencing platforms, Roche’s 454 with emulsion PCR technique amplified the templates through beads which later went through pyrosequencing with DNA Polymerase gave the desired output but had a major drawback of high cost.² Therefore, this study deals with effective PST – PCR technique for studying palindromic DNA in NGS and how it can be considered to fit in all advantages for the above task.

Study of Adoption of Improved Technologies in Black Gram Crop

2024-03-13T16:28:25+00:00

India is largest producer of pulses in world with 25 per cent share in global production. Chickpea, Pigeon Pea. MungBean, UradBean, lentil and Field Pea are important pulses crop contributing 39.00 per cent, 21.00 per cent, 11.00 per cent, 7.00 per cent and 5.00 per cent to the total production of pulses in the country. The total production was estimated 14.56 million tones and an area of 23.63 million hectares with average productivity 625kg/ha. (www agro pedia. Nic in.2015) Over 75% of the total of Black gram is generally known as dal milling or, dehulling. Milling means removal of the outer husk and splitting the grain into two equal halves. Dalmilling is one of the major food processing industries in the country, next only to rice milling. Black gram used as daal and as ingredient in snacks like idly, dosa, vada and papad etc. Adoption of Improved practice is the more essential part of increasing the production, because the population is increase day to day and holding size is decrease, so dal price is highly explosion The first week of October 2015 noted of cost of Black Gram dal 150- 180 Rupees per kg in the retails just before one year the cost October 2014 was 75-85 Rupees per kg (sources individual market survey 2015 ). We need the more production of pulses, we solve this problems by the applied more technologies in their field.

Descriptive Study of Organophosphorus Poisoning in the Post Graduated Hospital Khost Afghanistan

2024-03-13T09:42:15+00:00

Organophosphorus poisoning is an acute intoxication that occurs when certain insecticides (karbofos, chlorophos, thiophos) or chemical warfare agents (sarin, soman, VI gases) enter the body through inhalation, transdermal or oral intake. Poisoning with them accounts for 1-2% of the total number of acute toxicoses.⁽¹⁾ The poison is able to penetrate the skin without damaging it. At high concentrations of the xenobiotic, pathological symptoms appear within a few minutes. Organophosphorus compounds dispersed in the air form a persistent cloud located near the surface of the earth, which persists for 4-6 hours. Military chemical agents are capable of maintaining toxic concentrations for several days. Lethal doses are vary greatly depending on the properties of the particular compound.

Methodology: Our study is a descriptive case series conducted in the year 1399 (1^st 6 months). Among 1274 inpatients that were admitted in Khost post graduated Hospital during that time, 50 patients were diagnosed with organophosphorus poisoning.

Goals of Research: Determining the Frequency and Pattern of Organophosphorus poising in Khost post graduated Hospital during 1399 (1^st 6 month) hejri shamsi.

Article Review: Acentobacter bummanii

2024-03-11T12:04:19+00:00

Acinetobacter baumannii is highly invasive, resistant to multiple drugs bacteria that are primary source of nosocomial illness in the modern hospital systems. It has been linked to a significant death rate or has been identified as a causative of meningitis, pneumonia; a condition called urine tract illnesses, or wound diseases. Many virulence variables, such as as porins, capsules, including cell wall a substance called lip digestive enzymes, biofilm formation, movement, or iron-acquisition structures, amongst other people, contribute to severity in A. baumannii illnesses. These virulence factors aid in the organism's ability to withstand harsh ecological circumstances also permit the growth of serious diseases. For tandem to the rise for A. baumannii diseases, difficult varied resistant pathways for this pathogen are effectively known, leading to the low efficacy of main antibiotics groups. A. baumannii has a distinct capacity to sustain a resistant to multiple drugs phenotype via a diverse range of antibiotic-hydrolyzing digestive enzymes, modifications to the efflux pumps, impermeability, or alterations in pharmaceutical targets, making therapy even more intricate. Understanding of A. baumannii's transmissible diseases revolves on a comprehension of the processes underlying illness, pathogenicity, or resistant development. This review's objectives are to emphasize A. baumannii illnesses major disease-causing variables while also touching on the processes behind resistant to different antibiotics groups.

Body Mass Index and Thyroid Function Tests in Male Adults in Mosul City

2024-03-10T13:09:27+00:00

The relationship between thyroid gland and body mass index (BMI) is a subject of growing interest. Thyroid hormones' impact on metabolism directly affects energy expenditure which is in turn affect weight balance.

Subjects and Method: This study occurred in Mosul city in the north of Iraq, between December 2022 - June 2023, and it comprised one hundred adult males ranging in age from 20 - 60 years. Participants had to be apparently healthy men with appropriate thyroid functions, according to the inclusion criteria. Individuals who used specific medicines known for altering thyroid functions were excluded, those who have positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (ATPO), a personal or familial history of thyroid diseases, and medical illnesses such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac, renal, and liver diseases. The thyroid parameters that’s measured to the subjects were triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (FT4) using immuno-enzymatic competitive assays and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by two-site immuno-enzymatic (sandwich) method.

Results: found no significant relationships between BMI and other thyroid function FT3 no significant increase TSH, on the contrary increased across BMI classes, moreover FT4 decreased.

Conclusion: this work showed that the thyroid function of the different BMI groups under investigation showed no significant change.

Feasibility Study of Planting and Developing Atlas Plants (Petunia hybrida L.) and Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium L.) in Urban Streets of Karaj Considering the Effects of Light Pollution

2024-03-03T17:10:36+00:00

Light pollution is the effect of inefficient and unnecessary artificial lighting in outdoor spaces. Each plant requires a certain amount of light for its life and photosynthesis processes to continue. Petunia, scientifically known as Petunia hybrida L., is an annual plant belonging to the Solanaceae family and is a short-day plant photo periodically. Chrysanthemum, scientifically known as Chrysanthemum morifolium L., belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a long-day plant photo periodically. These two plant species, Petunia and Chrysanthemum, which are planted in urban green spaces, were selected for the current study to determine the effects of nighttime light radiation. The present research was conducted during the year 1041 in the research greenhouse of Kharazmi University, Karaj campus, to investigate the effect of light pollution with 3 treatments: control, 44 lux, and 1344 lux, each replicated 3 times. Then, the results of morphological and physiological traits were examined. In Petunia, the results of the analysis of variance showed that most morphological traits of the light pollution treatment significantly differed from the control treatment, while no significant effect was observed for physiological traits. The 44-lux treatment had the most significant effect on plant height, root length, wet and dry stem weight, leaf surface area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and flavonoid. In Chrysanthemum, the analysis of variance results indicated that light pollution had a significant effect on some morphological traits. Overall, in this plant, stem and root length decreased compared to the control plant when light pollution was introduced. Overall, it can be concluded from the analysis of the data obtained from the experiment with a minimum of 3 replications using Duncan's multiple range test based on a completely randomized design that light pollution had a positive effect on Petunia (a long-day plant) at 44 lux. However, no specific effect was observed in Chrysanthemum (a short-day plant).